The proton gradients that power respiration are as universal as the genetic code itself, giving an insight into the origin of life and the singular origin of complexity. Why do virtually all cells ...

A team of specialists in nano-sized rotational motors have directly visualized the process of pumping sodium ions, enabling them to explain why there had up until now appeared to be a structural ...

In their high-resolution structure of Fo, the researchers found that the c-ring is plugged by two lipids, one from each side of the membrane. While the top (facing F1) lipid rotates along with the ...

Regulating the flow of protons across the chloroplast and modulating the activity of its CF o-CF 1 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase protein are key to protecting plants from excessive light ...