A typical piezoelectric sensor comprises a disk of PZT-5A ceramic material with metallized electrodes on its surfaces. Applying electrically conductive epoxy to the electrodes connects external wiring ...

The difference amplifier is a common and useful circuit employed in various applications ranging from factory automation to electric vehicle systems. That’s primarily because it’s helpful to add ...

Sigma-delta (SD) A/D converters are widely used in applications featuring sensors with small responsivity and reduced bandwidth, due to the high dynamic range offered by this architecture. SD ...

The dual approach of digital and analog lock-in amplifier technologies has continued to advance the precise extraction of weak signals from noise-laden environments. These devices are indispensable in ...

What does an instrumentation amplifier do? An instrumentation amplifier (also known as an in amp) measures small signals in the presence of a noisy environment. The noise generally is common-mode ...

Many industrial and medical applications use instrumentation amplifiers (INA) to condition small signals in the presence of large common-mode voltages and DC potentials. The three op amp INA ...

Depending upon the distance between the surface of a capacitance probe and a target source, the electrical capacitance that is formed between these two objects will vary. In an effort to improve ...

This file type includes high-resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. Instrument amplifiers (INAs) are widely used for signal conditioning in data-acquisition systems and telemetry. Their ...