In many cases, cells are very active in their movement and serve as power generators. The ability of cells to produce physical forces is one of the basic functions of the body. When running, for ...

Evaluating tribological properties such as friction coefficients, friction forces, and torques for arbitrary material pairs, with high precision is crucial for multiple areas of research and industry.

Until about 10 years ago, the force test and measurement industry had been fairly unimaginative. It had developed a standard way of building analog load cells, torque transducers and other devices, ...