Our immune system is divided into two main branches: innate and adaptive. Innate immune cells act as a first line of defense, quickly responding to invaders, while adaptive immune cells take a longer ...

Humans are protected by two branches of the immune system. Innate immunity provides built-in defense against widespread characteristics of bacteria and viruses, while adaptive immunity memorizes ...

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is one of the world’s oldest and most widely used vaccines. It was developed in the early 20th century to provide protection from tuberculosis. Surprisingly, this ...

Our bodies response to invading pathogens through different mechanisms of the immune system. Innate immunity first detects disease and relays a defense signal to activate the second wave of immune ...

During the recent Covid-19 pandemic, the rate of serious illness and death was jarringly high in older populations. Why? Weakening immune systems — as we age, we become more vulnerable to infections, ...

In recent years, the field of immunology has increasingly focused on the role of glycolipids and sphingolipids in the differentiation and function of innate immune cells, such as macrophages, ...

Taken together, these advances suggest that part of age-related immune decline is driven by specific, potentially reversible ...

Smoking does not do a body good. We’ve known this universally acknowledged truth for at least the past 60 years. Still, researchers are constantly finding new ways that it harms our health. In a study ...

An immunologist imagines the body’s defense system as a team of unique, quirky characters, showcasing their essential roles.

Here are the key nutrients that you should ensure your diet manages to cover on a regular basis. They can be found in a wide ...