Industrial control systems can be categorized in two types: open-loop and closed-loop systems. The open-loop control system is a continuous control system that provides no feedback from its output.

Understanding the feed-forward mechanism is required in order to create a neural network that solves difficult practical problems such as predicting the result of a football game or the movement of a ...

Drawing diagrams with nodes and arrows is the common approach for representing how proteins and genes interact, and papers frequently include such informal node-and-arrow diagrams. Although such ...