Transitions between different electronic energy levels in elements occur at unique energies and intensities, giving each element a distinctive emission spectrum. When the energy of an incident photon ...

Over the past few years, it has become possible to confine and guide light in micrometre-scale, hollow-core waveguides based on photonic-crystal structures, such as photonic-crystal fibre (HC-PCF) 6, ...

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that provides detailed information about the structure, dynamics, and chemical environment of molecules at the atomic ...

In X-ray crystallography, X-rays of sufficient energy are used to excite the inner shell electrons in the atoms of a sample. The electrons move first to the outer orbitals and then down into the ...