Light-driven violaxanthin deepoxidation was measured in isolated pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts without ATP synthesis (basal conditions) and with ATP synthesis (coupled conditions). Thylakoids ...

The twin-arginine translocase (Tat) system operates in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and the plasma membranes of most bacteria. It recognizes substrates that bear signal peptides containing a ...

The proton gradients that power respiration are as universal as the genetic code itself, giving an insight into the origin of life and the singular origin of complexity. Why do virtually all cells ...